Emanuel Litvinoff was born to Russian Jewish immigrant parents in Whitechapel in 1915. The second of nine children (and the brother of the historian Barnet Litvinoff), he left school at 14 and, after working in a number of unskilled jobs, found himself down and out within a year. Drifting through Soho and Fitzrovia in the Depression, he wrote since destroyed hallucinatory texts, and survived on his wits. After enlisting in the army in January 1940, he served in Northern Ireland, West Africa and the Middle East. He quickly rose through the ranks to become a Major at the age of 27. While in the army, Litvinoff started to publish his poetry in the Routledge anthology Poems from the Forces (1941). Conscripts: a Symphonic Declaration appeared that same year, and his first collection, The Untried Soldier, followed in 1942. The poems in A Crown for Cain (1948) were written between 1942 and 1946, mostly in West Africa and Egypt.